In the next king after songs Gampe Buddhism is the religion of the Tibetan government and the energy increased in wide areas in Central Asia as a significant progress has been made in China, also reached the capital of the Tang Chang’an (modern Xi ‘an) on End 763rd [12] The troops occupying Tibet Chang’an lasted nearly two weeks after being beaten by Tang and his ally, the Ottoman Empire uyghur Khaganate.
Nanzhao (in Yunnan and neighboring regions) remained under the control of Tibet from 750 to 794, when he became the Tibetan ruler and allowed China imposed a severe defeat for the Tibetans. [13]
In the year 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened campaign Gao Xianzhi rule that tried to re-direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. At 750 Tibetans have almost all their possessions in Central Asia to China. But Gao Xianzhi after the defeat of the Arabs and Qarluqs at the Battle of Talas (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence again. 821/822 EC in Tibet and China have a remarkable peace treaty. Double counting of this contract, including details about the borders between the two countries are on the wall to the outside of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. [14] Tibet continued as a Central Asian empire until the middle of the 9th Century.
13, 14 and 15 years
At the end of the year 1230, the Mongols had their attention to Tibet. At that time, the Mongol armies had already in the north of China, a large part of Central Asia and to the extent such as Russia and Ukraine today. Tibetan nobility, however, was fragmented and mainly with the internal struggles. Goden, a brother of Güyük in the country 1240th A second invasion of the submission of almost all Tibetan. 1244, convened Goden the Sakya Pandita to his court, which in 1247 and named viceroy Sakya Mongolia Central Tibet, that the eastern provinces of Kham and Amdo remained Mongolian nationals live. [15] When Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, Tibet is a part of the Yuan Dynasty.
Tibet 820 in combination with the other sectors
Kublai KhanBetween 1346 and 1354, the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which Pagmodru myriarch, Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302-1364), the Sakya. The following 80 years were a period of relative stability. We also have after the birth of the Gélug School (also known as the Yellow Hats) by the followers of Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dragpa, and the founding of the great Ganden, Drepung and Sera, near monasteries in Lhasa. After 1430, the country was entering a new period of internal struggles for power [16].
16. and 17 Century
During 1578, Altan Khan of the Mongols Tümed guests Sonam Gyatso, a great lama, the Gélug school. They met near Khokhar Nuur, Altan Khan, who first called Sonam Gyatso, the Dalai Lama, the Tibetan-Mongolian Dalai Gyatso is the translation of the name, or “ocean” [17].
The first Europeans to be found in Tibet were Portuguese missionaries in 1624 and by King and Queen of Guge and some Tibetan village in western Tibet. You have permission to a church and the introduction of the Christian faith. The Guge king has Christianity as a compensation for diluting the influence of religion in the Gélug supported and their potential rivals and strengthen his own position. All missionaries were expelled at the insistence of the Lama the 1745th [18] [19] [20] [21]
In the years 1630, Tibet, implicated in the struggle for power between the increase in Manchu and Mongolian Oirad and various political groups. Ligden Khan, the Mongol tribes Chakhar the withdrawal de las Fuerzas Manchu, the Yellow Hat propone destruir Gélug escolar en el Tibet, pero en el camino de cerca Murió Kokonor, 1634. [22] The vassal Tsogt Taiji that the fighting, but was defeated and killed by Khoshud Gush Khan 1637, in turn, is the Overlord to Tibet and has established itself as a “protector of the Yellow Church” [23]. Gush on the fifth Dalai Lama, saying that the highest political and spiritual in Tibet and the destruction of potential rivals.
Century 18
Kingdom of Tibet ( “Kingdom of Tibet”) to a 1734 by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon of Anville on the basis of the former Jesuit College mapsIn 1705, Lobzang Khan, Khoshud used the 6th Dalai Lama, the rejection of the role of the monk (but the owner has not rejected his political role as Dalai Lama) as an excuse to maintain control over Tibet. The regent was murdered, and the Dalai Lama in Beijing. He died on the street, also near Kokonor, apparently from the disease. Lobzang Khan has a new Dalai Lama, but not from school Gélug.
Rival reincarnation was in the region Kokonor. The Dzungar invaded Tibet in 1717 removed, killed and make a claim to the position of Dalai Lama (which was only Lhabzang), which together with a broad approval. But soon Dzungar plunder the holy sites in Lhasa, the fast response of the Emperor Kangxi 1718, but his military expedition was destroyed by the Dzungar in the vicinity of Lhasa. [24] [25]
Emperor Kangxi Dzungar finally expulsion from Tibet in 1720 and the troops were welcomed as liberators. They have with them Kelzang Gyatso Kumbum in Lhasa has been installed and the Seventh Dalai Lama, 1721, not a province of Tibet, he succeeded in expanding its own officials and legal and administrative systems as well as the taxes are not levied. [24] [26] of the Manchu Qing Amdo under their control in the year 1724, and in the east of the neighboring Chinese provinces of Kham the 1728th [27] The government of the Qing has a resident Commissioner, ie Ambani in Lhasa. 1751, Emperor Qianlong installed the Dalai Lama as a spiritual leader and political leader of Tibet, the government, namely Kashagan [28].
While the ancient relations between Tibet and China are complex, there is usually little doubt as to the subordination of Tibet in China after the Qing first decades of the 18th Century. [29] 1788 the troops of Gurkhas Bahadur Shah, the Regent of Nepal, Tibet came to a number of frontier districts. The young Panchen Lama fled Lhasa and of the Emperor Qianlong of the Qing troops in Lhasa, where the distance of Nepal has to pay a large sum per annum. In 1791, the Nepalese Gurkhas penetrated Tibet a second step use Shigatse and destroyed, plundered and lay the great Tashilhunpo monastery. The Panchen Lama was forced to flee back into Lhasa. The Emperor Qianlong then sent to an army of 17,000 men for Tibet. In 1793 with the help of Tibetan troops, they could lead the troops in Nepal, about 30 km from Kathmandu. [30]
The 18th Century brought the Jesuits and Capuchins in Europe, the progressive, has the resistance of the Tibetan lamas who finally expelled from Tibet, the 1745th But at the moment, not all Europeans were banned in the country – in 1774, a Scottish nobleman, George Bogle, came to Shigatse to investigate on trade with the British East India, the first potatoes in Tibet. [31]
Century 19
But in the 19th Century, the situation of foreigners in Tibet to questionable. The British Empire has been achieved in the north of India in the Himalayas and Afghanistan and in the realm of the Russian tsars was expanding in the southern Central Asia, and everyone can be suspected d intent in Tibet. Csoma Sándor Kőrös the Hungarian scientific spent 20 years in British India (4 years in Ladakh), trying to visit Tibet. He is the first Tibetan-English dictionary.
In the years 1850, Tibet has all foreigners from Tibet and the borders for all the people from the outside.
1865, Great Britain began secretly mapping Tibet. Inspector in India and the training of spyware disguised as pilgrims and merchants after their not in her travels through Tibet and had readings in the night.
Century 20
Francisco YounghusbandIn 1904 a British expedition to Tibet under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Younghusband, accompanied by a strong military escort, are in Tibet and reached Lhasa. The British were partly inspired by the fear that Russia was an extension of power in Tibet, and in part by the hope that the negotiations with the Dalai Lama is better than by the representatives of the Chinese authorities. [32] But on the way to Lhasa, many Tibetan troops killed Younghusband Gyangzê who tried to stop the progress of the British.
Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet (2006) When the order to Lhasa, the Dalai Lama fled already, Urga, Mongolia, Younghusband found, but the re-election in India empty-handed untenable. We worked with the draft treaty unilaterally, and in the Potala has been the regent, Ganden Tri Rinpoche, and other officials who have come together as an ad hoc working group of the government. The agreement was the border between Tibet and Sikkim, to be noted for the free trade between Tibet and the subjects, British and compensation to be paid at the court of the Qing, the British Government in its expenditure of the troops armies Lhasa. The provisions of this treaty of 1904 was established in 1906 an Anglo-Chinese agreement between Britain and China. The British, for a fee from the Qing Court, have also agreed “not in the annex Tibetan territory or in the administration of Tibet” while China is committed, “not to another country Foreign influence on the area or the administration in Tibet . ‘[33] [34]
The position of the Commissioner for the British trade Gyangzê was employed from 1904 to 1944. It lasted until 1937, with the creation of the post of “Chief of the British Mission in Lhasa,” a British officer had a permanent detachment Lhasa itself [35].
André Migot, French, traveled to a doctor for many months in Tibet in 1947, describes the complexity of the border between Tibet and China, and how he developed:
“As compensation for damage caused to its interests in the [1906] treaty between England and Tibet, the Chinese have gone for the expansion in the western area of direct and began with the colonization of the country round Batang. Tibetans reacted vigorously. China governor killed was on the way Chamdo and his army after a flight from Batang around several missionaries were killed, and the Chinese capital were at a point below where a special Commissioner Chao-Yu Fong appeared on the stage.
Acting with a brutality to it the nickname “The Butcher of the monks”, which is located at Batang, sacked the lamaseries, Chamdo pressed, and a number of campaigns and successful, he has his army before the gates of Lhasa, has re-order and reiterated the Chinese rule over Tibet. Sikang recommended that in 1909, a province which at Batang thirty-six as its capital. This project was not implemented later in modified form, for the Chinese revolution of 1911 was a limit switch and Chao was killed shortly after their fellow countrymen.
At the beginning of the unrest of the Republic of China, the uprising by the majority of the leaders of the inflow, a series of fights between Tibetans and Chinese, and strange events in which tragedy, comedy and (of course) all religions have a role to play. 1914, the United Kingdom, China and Tibet, met in the conference table to try to restore peace, but not the conclave broke after the conclusion of an agreement on the fundamental question of the border with China-Tibet. That since 1918, was seen as a practice, as after the course of the Upper Yangtze. Over the years, the Chinese also have many other concerns about the complaints back to Tibet. But things slow down, and quietly, in 1927, the province was in Sikang, but that is only under-six twenty-seven instead show the man, was the idea. China lost in the last ten years, the entire area that conquers butcher.
Sikang since then, has been relatively quiet, but this brief overview of the history of the province, it is easy to understand the precarious situation. Chinese control was little more than symbolic, I was often a first-hand experience of their inefficiency. To guide such an area is not enough in remote villages separated after many days of the trip, some officials and a handful of bad soldiers in rags. Tibetans ignored by the Chinese administration and followed their own bosses. A simple example is the actual situation of the Chinese leadership Sikang: Person in the province of China, the money, and the officials is in a position to buy anything with money, were forced to remain on a process of barter trade. “[36]
In 1910, the government of the Qing has a military expedition of their own Chinese which he and the Dalai Lama in an imperial edict. The Dalai Lama fled again, this time in British India in February 1910.
